Padua/Pyrdiwah-Boraibari Border Clash
Post-Liberation State and Democracy
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In April 2001, armed clashes broke out along sections of the Bangladesh-India border, centered first on the disputed Padua/Pyrdiwah area and then around Boraibari. The fighting between Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) and India's Border Security Force (BSF) caused military casualties on both sides and triggered urgent ceasefire diplomacy.
Operation Clean Heart
Post-Liberation State and Democracy
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Operation Clean Heart was a nationwide anti-crime drive launched in October 2002 with military deployment under a civilian government. Rights groups reported arrests, deaths in custody, and later legal immunity for security personnel, while official accounts framed the drive as a law-and-order operation.
21 August Grenade Attack
Post-Liberation State and Democracy
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On 21 August 2004, grenades were thrown at an Awami League rally in Dhaka, killing and injuring many people and nearly killing Sheikh Hasina. The attack became a defining episode of armed political violence in contemporary Bangladesh.
JMB Nationwide Bombings
Post-Liberation State and Democracy
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On 17 August 2005, coordinated bomb blasts occurred across Bangladesh and were attributed to Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh. The attacks exposed the national reach of militant networks and reshaped security politics.
Caretaker Crisis and Emergency Rule
Post-Liberation State and Democracy
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Between late 2006 and 2008, Bangladesh passed through a severe caretaker-system crisis marked by disputed electoral arrangements, escalating street conflict, the 11 January emergency, and prolonged non-elected rule before returning to electoral politics.